GAS HYDRATE (METHANE HYDRATE) - AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE

ENERGY CRISIS
We all must be well acquainted with the fact that our present energy resources like coal ,oil and natural gas are slowly and gradually being exhausted. Now all these above resource are non-recyclable i.e. once exhausted there wont be any man-made process to reproduce them.
On the other way round, the distance of the graph between our energy supply and consumption is steadily increasing. It is assumed that by 2020 our supply will be terribly less with respect to our consumption/need. So that signifies our zeal to find an alternative resource and that too soon.
Different kinds of alternative energy project are established by different institution but till now our need is still there.

GAS HYDRATES
Gas hydrate or methane hydrate found at about 1000 m to 2000 m depth in the continental linings and polar arctic region may be the answer to our energy needs.
These are clathrate structure which consists of outer cage being made of water molecules and inner part is filled with methane molecule. Now strikingly methane has a a considerable amount in gas hydrates. That is in one unit of gas hydrate there is 0.2 units of water and 164 units of methane. also the amount of methane present in the earth is estimated to be around twice the amount of coal,oil and natural gas combined. This give us an idea about its potential.
But the extraction process is not easy and it being a greenhouse gas has an environmental hazard as well during extraction. Also if hydrate layer gets damaged during extraction process may give rise to continental plate slipping and landslide problems.
But if we could somehow get over those problems then we can solve our energy crisis for a century if not then centuries.

A WORD DOCUMENT IS ATTACHED TO THIS,
CLICK AND HAVE A LOOK

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IXTm_v8W8zSbmRDTJffOyfjDwwHJ0q8MgTjCchcUKCI/edit?usp=sharing

ROCKS and its classifications,properties,examples etc

CLICK- ROCKS AND ITS CLASSIFICATIONS

click on the above link. :)

SHAFT WORKING

BOILER SYSTEM USED IN SHAFTS - (BANSJORA underground mine)

Here is a video from BANSJORA UNDERGROUND MINE in Jharkhand,India. The lowest underground level of the mine was at a depth of 140 meters. There were two shaft for entrance and exit from the mine and also for the extraction of ores. The shaft was operated via a steam engine (refer to the video link in the beginning) and it was operated manually. The ventilation system was fairly good.
Click on the link and watch the video, its worth watching :)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B727YT7LzskWQ3VUZlZqamI0VzQ/edit?usp=sharing

ALL ABOUT EXPLOSIVES-1

EXPLOSIVES:-

1. What is an explosive??

An explosive is a reactive substance which contains high amount of potential energy and can create an explosion if subjected to certain conditions(detonation depends on the sensitivity of the explosive). It usually detonates/explodes releasing high amount of light,heat,pressure and shock wave which could cause severe damage to surrounding.
   
     2. History of explosive:-

explosive history is a bit uncertain as their is no written statement regarding its discovery but it is assumed that its discovery happened in China (used in firecrackers etc.).
In the 1800s, BLACK POWDER (gun powder) came into existence and from then onwards it only improved.
industrial revolution gave more improved explosive. Soon, TNT (tri nitro touluene) and Dynamite came into effect but owing to their sensitivity and low water resistance nature more effective and efficient explosive were required.
soon the era of nitroglycerene based explosive came into effect, ANFO (ammonium nitrate fuel oil) is a widely popular explosive and is still being used. A more improved formulae of ANFO is HANFO abbreviated as heavy-ANFO. (HANFO has more rate of reaction than ANFO hence more effective and efficient)
But now-a-days SLURRIES and EMULSION based explosives have taken their(anfo's) place. These explosives are more water resilient, better storage, better sensitivity etc.

rest part of the explosive will be uploaded soon.
stay tuned for that and please click on the follow button :) 

JIMENO & JIMENO - book for drilling and blasting

Hola guys, you can download the 'Jimeno & Jimeno' authored book for the subject DRILLING and BLASTING from the link given below... Hope it would help :)
Jimeno & Jimeno ~ drilling and blasting

SUSHIL BHANDARI - drilling and blasting (book)

book for drilling and blasting consisting of

1. introduction to blasting
2. explosives
3. properties of explosives
4. explosive system and priming system
5. selection of suitable explosive
6. initiating devices
7. initiation system and delay timings
8. designing surface blasting
9. drift and channel blasting
10. fly-rock during blasting operation
11. controllable blasting

All the above topics are discussed in details in the link given in the beginning of this post.
check it out and don't forget to follow my blog.
Thank you!! :)
https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B727YT7LzskWRFRNV3p6bUFxWTQ&usp=sharing

MINING- an introduction

Mining & Minerals- introduction from the book 'HARTMAN N MUTMANSKY'

Check out the above link guys to have a good perspective of what mining is and its cycle and about minerals, mineral economics etc
HOPE IT WILL HELP!! :)

MINERAL MAP OF INDIA

presenting minerals map of india

MAJOR MINERALS OF INDIA

Minerals are an important asset for a country. It determines the economic independence of a country and hereby gives it an edge over other mineral deprived country.

Major Minerals in India

The major minerals produced in India are Iron-ore, Bauxite, Mica, Coal and Petroleum.

1. Iron-ore: India possesses over 20% of world’s total reserves of iron ­ore—next only to CIS. Iron ore of very good quality (Haematite and Magnetite) is obtained from principal areas in Orissa and Singhbhum in Bihar. Besides these, iron ore is obtained from Durg in Madhya Pradesh and Salem in Tamil Nadu. Deposits of iron ore are also found in Karnataka, Iron-ore accounts for nearly 2/3 rds of the total value of metallic minerals produced in India. It is also a good foreign exchange earner next only to tea, sugar, jute and cotton.
2. Bauxite: Bauxite is the ore of aluminium. Important bauxite deposits occur in Bihar, Goa, Gujrat, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Bauxite deposits are exploited at Lohardaga in Ranchi district. Amarkantaka in Madhya Pradesh contains the largest deposit of bauxite.
3. Mica: India is the largest producer of mica in the world and the largest supply comes from Bihar. In Bihar the most important areas are Gaya and Hazaribagh in the ‘mica belt’ 150 km. long and 32 km. wide. Another important area is Nellore in Andhra Pradesh. The Nellore mica belt 100 km. long and 25 km wide. It is also obtained from Rajasthan. It is used in electrical industry. Due to poor development of electrical industries at home, India exports most of the output contributing 75% of the world’s requirements.
   Al-Bauxite, H—Hmenite, Pb-Zn-Lead-Zinc ore, Au-Gold, M—Mica, U—Uranium ore, Cr—Chromite, P—Rock Phosphate, Na—Salt, Cu—Copper Ore,  Mg—Magnesite, R—Refractory mineral, Fe—Iron-Ore and Mn—Manganese Ore.
4. Coal: India is one of the principal producers of coal in the world. Bihar and West Bengal produce the largest quantity of coal in India and the quality is good. Jharia, Giridih, Bokaro, Karanpura, etc. in Bihar and Raniganj in West Bengal are the most important mining centers. Besides these areas, coal is found at Talcher in Orissa, Tendur and Singareni in Andhra Pradesh, Pench Valley and Umaria in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar along supplies 44% of India’s total output.
5. Petroleum: India is poor in petroleum resources. Assam has the oldest oilfields at Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran, etc. These oil-fields are situated in the north-eastern part of Assam. The important new oil-fields are at Lunej, Ankleshwer, Kalol—all near the Gulf of Cambay in Gujrat and the Bombay high offshore oil field.

EXPLOSIVES - a brief introduction about explosives used in mining and other blasting operations

Every kind of explosives which are used in the mine sites and other civil engineering operations are discussed in the 'pdf' uploaded below (click and go have a look at those)

EXPLOSIVES- a brief introduction

 the above uploaded pdf has a brief introduction about explosives,history of explosives, its broad classifications, family tree of explosives and initiating system.

WHY WE NEED EXPLOSIVES IN MINING??
rock is blasted either to break ore or waste or to create some space. In mining operation, the objective is to break rock into required size and extract the largest possible quantity of valuable resources from the ground at minimum cost.

MINE LIFE CYLCLE

'MINE LIFE CYCLE'- a powerpoint pesentation

• What is a MINE??

Mine is a set-up which consists of large amount of equipment and structures which enables us to extract some minerals present beneath the earth surface economically. In other words, its an excavation made on the earth surface for the extraction of minerals present beneath it.

• What is a 'MINE LIFE CYCLE'??

A mine operates in a cycle like process. It goes as

exploration,

1. planning,
2. development,
3. construction,
4. exploitation,
5. closure and reclamation 

rest of the details is given nicely in the ppt posted in the starting or you can simply click below.
MINE LIFE CYCLE

AN INTRODUCTION TO MINING

AN INTRODUCTION TO MINING

Click on the above mentioned link to read the 'introduction to mining' article. It has the basic answer to

• What is mining?
• Why is mining important?
• Is it safe for workers and the environment?
• Surface mining,seams(meaning)
• India's mining and mineral capabilities and stuff

For a brief discussion, I will state some of the above mentioned subjects here.

• MINING: It is the process of extraction of minerals present beneath the earth surface. Many people doesn't consider its value but it true that everything cannot be grown some essential stuff has to be mined. Mineral that are obtained by mining is used for all kinds of stuff ranging from silicon chips used in computers to energy production.

                               "WHAT CANNOT BE GROWN HAS TO BE MINED"

• SAFETY: As far as safety is concerned, it is just like any other feild job. There are chances of mishaps everywhere so is it in mining. If we go by statistics more people is US die in civil construction works every year than in mining feilds. So we can consider mining as safe and hygienic until we are applying all the safety measures and equipments. In short, its just like other feild activity.

  IN US, an average of 61 people die annually on mining sites which is much less than the number of people dying in construction sites.

• METHODS: there are two broad methods for extraction of minerals from the earth crust i.e. by

1.  Surface mining
2. Underground mining
   
   'Introduction to mining'

ABOUT THIS BLOG.

Hey guys, I am Piyush Prasad. I am a student pursuing Mining engineering with MBA(master of business adminstration) from INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES,Dhanbad. This blog is created by me and it will serve a good purpose for someone eager to know about introductory level 'MINING' ,its uses,operations,different kind of minerals etc.
I will be posting about mining as a subject and its application, different processes related to mining and problems related to it. This blog will also serve a great deal for someone interested in MINERALS too.